Among Africans, my principal focus is on two sub-groups: Africans in Africa and the African diaspora. In Africa, I have in mind academics, journalists, intellectuals such as novelists, senior government officials and, last but not least, philosophically minded ordinary citizens who take an interest in the big issues of the day.

By "African diaspora" I refer to Africans who live in countries outside Africa—mostly in Europe and Britain but on a smaller scale in Canada and the US. They arrived in these countries as immigrants, refugees, students, asylum seekers, etc. after the end of World War II. Today, however, Africans can be found in practically every country in the world (outside Africa), including China, where Tanzanian students go on Chinese scholarships to study at Chinese universities.

Within the African diaspora, I distinguish two main groups: those who have acquired citizenship and, in some cases, have been present in their new home country for several generations (for example, in France), and those who are present in these countries as foreign nationals (students in Britain, Europe, India, and so on). I am particularly interested in academics (faculty and students, from high school through post-doctoral students to professors), journalists, professionals and business people. They are the most intellectually and morally concerned and preoccupied with the question of racism, its conceptualization within white Eurogenic⁴I use the term "Eurogenic" instead of the term "Western" because it more correctly labels white Europeans (and white British) and their offspring who established settler states in the Americas, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and some islands like Tasmania. The term "Western" is geographical in its etymology but has acquired civilizational connotation originating in the division of Christendom in the 11th century into the (Latin) Catholic Christianity of western Europe and the (Greek) Orthodox Christianity of eastern Europe. Prior to this religious division into west and east, the Roman Empire had divided its vast territory into west and east for purely administrative reasons. To persist in using "Western" for European peoples leads to such cognitive dissonances as that of New Zealand, which is farther east of the "easternmost" country, Japan (where the sun rises!). The suffix "genic" in "Eurogenic" accurately refers to the European origin of the settler Europeans (including Britain). society and government and, of course, its formulation in policy and execution in practice.

There is yet another group of Africans who are included in this essay: African Americans. They are descendants of slaves who were seized and brought to the Americas to work as slaves on plantations and as housekeepers and nannies in households, and so on. They have been present on American soil for four hundred years, although the traffic in slaves accelerated greatly after the formal birth of the American Republic in 1789.⁵Although Americans are taught in schools that America was founded in 1776, the formal coming-into-being of the new republic had to wait until the required “quorum” of states had ratified the new constitution. Work on drafting the new federal constitution had begun in 1787, and it took effect on March 4, 1789 after 11 states had ratified it. The new federal government began operations by convening the First Congress on March 4, 1789. Rhode Island was the last of the 13 colonies to ratify the Constitution in 1790. The USA that exists today was born as a constitutional republic in 1789, not in 1776.

The history of the African American community has unfolded along a very different path compared to the path along which the colonial history of Africa unfolded. The historic civil rights victories in the mid-1960s are in danger today of proving to have been Pyrrhic victories for African Americans with the resurgence of racism and state-initiated police brutality against black Americans. I will have more to say on this topic in this essay.

In this category I include aboriginal communities like the Sami in northern Europe; First Nations, Métis, Inuit in Canada; Native Americans in the US; several Indigenous nations in Central and South America; the Aboriginal nations of Australia and the Maori of New Zealand.

Among the Indigenous communities, I have kept in mind academics (students, faculty and administrators) at institutions on their "reserve" territories as well as at institutions in the much larger, mostly white⁶Ordinarily I would use "Caucasian," but here I will use "white" to remain consistent with Immanuel Kant's usage when I discuss his theory of race. society outside the "reservations." In nearly all cases, the Indigenous peoples were dispossessed of their primordial lands, brutally mistreated and herded into small resource-poor strips of land where they are governed as "wards" of the European "guardian" settlers (augmented by immigrants from non-European countries). Although the examples I discuss in the essay are from the Native American (US) communities, they are equally applicable to and representative of other Indigenous nations around the world.

The Romani are people of Indian origin who trekked outward from northern India—Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab⁷The noted Romani scholar of Romani history and language, Ian Hancock, argues that the Romani are descendants of Indian prisoners of war of Mahmud of Ghazni. Some are descendants of Rajputs who fled via the Himalayas to escape Mahmud. He also suggests that the Romani language is close to Hindustani. Ian Hancock, "The Emergence of Romani as a Koïné Outside of India." Scholarship and the Gypsy Struggle: Commitment in Romani Studies, 2000.—sometime before 1000 AD and arrived in Europe in early 11th century AD. Throughout their history in Europe, the Romani have been subjected to various forms of persecution. The worst persecution took place under the Nazis, who stripped them of German citizenship, herded them into concentration camps and proceeded to exterminate them. Instead of showing compassion toward them following these horrendous events, Europeans have continued to hold the most dehumanizing views about the Romani and have refused to accept them as equal fellow citizens.

Today, the Romani live on the margins of cities and towns of Europe and Britain under de facto social and economic boycott by the white and immigrant society around them. They are extremely poor and are forced to assume a nomadic existence, rejected by whites and immigrants wherever they try to settle. They are the most vulnerable, weak, invisible and politically voiceless non-white people in Britain and Europe. Anti-Romani prejudice among white Europeans is so strong that governments can act cruelly toward them in the knowledge that the public will remain indifferent to, if not support, these actions.⁸To give one example: in 2010 the French government forcibly evicted hundreds of Romani from France to Romania, an act that was condemned by the European Union.

Africans and African Americans
Indigenous Peoples
Romani/Gypsy Communities in Britain, Europe and US
The American Philosophical Community
Racism: A Lifelong Issue for Me
A Note on the Contents of the Present Essay
References

The Aftermath of George Floyd

Introduction

Immanuel Kant: Architect of European Race Theory

1. Racism and Racism Studies
   • Racism Studies Shift the Focus Away from European Racism
   • Biology is Not the Culprit in Biologically Grounded Conceptions of RacePrimordial Tribes and Indigenous Peoples are Kinship Communities
   • Racism and Racialism
2. European Racism: Sui Generis
   • Biblical and Natural Law Justifications: The Spanish in the Americas
3. European Racism: The Kant-Darwin Model
   • Four Strands in the Formation of the Kant-Darwin Model
   • Kant’s Skin-Color Theory of the Races
   • Bedrock of Kant’s Philosophy: Human Nature–Skin Color Coupling
   • The Core Elements of the Model
   • Kant’s Formalism
   • Race, Reason and Practical Reason
   • Language, Thought and the Inferior Races
   • Perpetual Peace and Universal History are Consistent with Kant's Raciology
   • European Universalism is the Same as Universalism
   • European Philosophy is the Same as Philosophy
   • Kant's Cosmopolitanism
     • Cosmopolitanism and the Colored Races
     • Cosmopolitan Hospitality: Philosophical Cover for European Colonization?
   • Enter Charles Darwin
     • Social Darwinism
4. Exemplifying the Kant-Darwin Model
   • Slavery in the American South
   • Lynchings in the US
     • Lynchings as Picnics
     • Large Festive Crowds
     • Children at the Lynchings
     • Lynching of Black Women: Mary Turner and Laura Nelson
     • Lynching, Shooting and Burning
     • Lynchings as Souvenirs
     • Lynching as Thanksgiving
     • Lynching as the Hunting and Killing of Cage-Free Animals
     • Trophies from the Successful Hunt
     • Body Riddled with Bullets
     • The Kant-Darwin Attributes of the Lynchings
   • The Reservations in the US
     • The "Five Civilized Tribes": Futility of Cultural Assimilation
   • The Kant-Darwin Model in Action: Human Zoos
     • Africans
       • Ota Benga Caged with Apes
       • The Little African Girl at the Zoo in Brussels
     • The Conjunction of Human Zoos, Imperialism and Lynchings
     • Native Americans
       • Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill Cody
       • Annexing Tribal Land for the Garrison Dam
     • Polynesians
       • The Kanaks of Polynesia: The Little Girl at the Zoo
     • German and Belgian Eugenics in Rwanda
     • African Americans
       • The Murder of Emmett Till
5. Contemporary Racism and the Kant-Darwin Model
   • Treatment of African Americans in the US
     • Police Departments
       • “I Can’t Breathe”: Eric Garner
       • “I Can’t Breathe”: George Floyd
       • The Case of Ahmaud Arbery
     • Police Unions and Federations
     • Infiltration of Police Departments and Unions by KKK and Supremacists
     • Republican Electoral Gerrymandering and Disenfranchisement
     • American Civil Society: Institutional Racism
     • Questioning Black Intelligence: The Bell Curve Debate
       • Media Reaction to The Bell Curve
       • Bill Clinton as President
       • Hillary Clinton
       • The Bell Curve’s Kantian Raciology
     • Mixed-Blood Races: Kant’s Skin-Color Theory Is Still Active Today
   • Treatment of Indigenous Peoples in Europe and Eurogenic Countries
     • The British Home Office: Hostile Environment
     • Bretton-Woods, WTO, CIDA, Davos: The “International System”
     • Soccer: Monkey Chants, Monkey Gestures, Bananas
   • Photojournalism and the Media: Dying African Child Stalked by a Vulture
     • The Reaction to Kevin Carter’s Photo
     • Thought Experiment: Black African Photojournalist
   • Redefining Racism as Cultural Desecrates the Victims of Kant-Darwin Racism
     • Litmus Tests for Racism
     • Cultural or Ideological Racism
     • Islamophobia is Not Racism
     • Zionism is Not Racism

6. Kantian Studies Today
   • Kantian Apologetics
     • Pauline Kleingeld
     • Omission of Kant’s Raciology from Online Encyclopedias of Philosophy
     • Pitting Kant against Himself
     • Albert Schweitzer: Benevolent Racist
   • Why are Kantians Defending the Indefensible?
   • Kantian Jihadism and Muslim Jihadism: Parallels
     • “Mandate from Heaven”
     • Division of the World into Two Camps
     • Mission to the Other Camp: Conquest and Evangelism
     • Treatment of People in the Other Camp
     • Universalism
     • Governance
     • Cosmopolitanism
     • The Fate of Non-European Cultures
     • End of History
     • Perpetual Peace
   • The Hindu Theory of Human Inequality: The Caste System
     • Race and Color: The Caste System
     • Skin Color and Aryanism
     • Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa
     • Africans in India: Subjected to Caste and Kant-Darwin Racism
     • Muslim Indians in Africa
   • Kantian End Times and the Hindu Caste System: Unsettling Parallels?
   • Black Americans Have Already Attained End-Times Perpetual Peace
     • Perpetual Peace and End Times: White Golf Ball Analogy
     • The End-Times Attributes of Black Americans
   • The Real significance of Kant’s Categorical Imperative
   • American Police Departments and Kantian Philosophers: Startled Bedfellows?
7. Philosophy is Modeled on Kant’s Raciology
   • Philosophy Conforms to Kant’s Genus-Species Model of the Races
   • Autochthony and Self-Sufficiency of White Eurogenic Philosophy
   • The Kantianism of Philosophy’s Apartheid Structure: Bantustans and Reservations
   • The APA’s Newsletters for Yellow, Black and Red Philosophers
   • Struggling with Philosophy’s Apartheid Structure: Chinese Philosophy
   • The Evangelism of the Philosophy Establishment
   • Martha Nussbaum’s Schweitzerian Kantianism
   • Reform Must Strike at the Root of Philosophy’s Problem with Racism
   • The APA’s Resource Collection on Diversity and Inclusivity
     • Law and Philosophy
     • History of Philosophy
     • Ancient Greece Must be Separated From Europe
     • A Standalone Course on Ancient Greek Philosophy
8. Conclusion
   • What Americans Can Learn from Ancient African Culture
   • Eurogenic Grand Narrative
   • Eurogenic Minor Narrative
   • Tribal Versus Scriptural Conceptions of the Equality of Human Natures